Seal and Seal System for a Layered Device

ABSTRACT

The disclosure provides, in part a seal system for sealing a film. The disclosure further provides, in part, a sealed film comprising a first and a second substrate; a first and a second electrode disposed on the surface of at least one of the substrates; a switching material disposed between the first and second substrates; a first seal and a second seal; the first seal disposed along an edge of the switching material, separating the switching material from the second seal.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos.61/774,480 filed Mar. 7, 2013, and No. 61/910,261, filed Nov. 29, 2013;both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a seal system for a layered device.The layered device may have a switchable layer, and may include anoptical filter or a laminated glass.

BACKGROUND

A switchable film may generally comprise two substrates, with aswitchable material disposed therebetween. Depending on the nature ofthe switchable material, it may be advantageous to provide a seal aroundthe perimeter of the switchable material to keep it separated fromwater, air, oxygen or other aspects of the external environment. Thismay be beneficial in preserving function, or preventing degradation ordiminished performance.

The configuration of the seal, and the manner in which is it applied orassembled for the switchable film or switchable device may be governed,at least in part, by the nature of the switchable material and how it isapplied. Some electrochromic devices (e.g. electrochromic mirrors) mayhave the substrates and seals assembled and cured, to first to provide achamber. The chamber is subsequently filled by vacuum-pulling theswitching material into the chamber. As the seal material is cured orsolidified before exposure to the switching material, undesirablereactions of the switching material with a component of an uncured, orpartially cured seal is avoided. For a switching material coated onto amoving web or film, that is to be cut to a desired shape, this method ofpre-assembly of the chamber, although it may have a good seal, would notbe appropriate, and other ways to avoid exposing a switching material toan uncured, or partially cured seal material may be sought.

A useful aspect in the mass production of device which comprise one ormore seals or seal systems, is the ability to detect a failure of theseal during the production process. A breach of a seal in a device mayresult in a product with reduced durability or function, or a devicethat has, or will, fail. In some cases, the breach of a seal system maynot be detected, or detectable, for some time after fabrication or afterseveral hours, days, months or years of service. Sale or use of anarticle comprising the switchable film with a deficient seal may resultin costly warranty and or safety issues. Thus, it may be beneficial toemploy a seal or sealing system, in a switchable device that includesone or more detectors, or indicators built into the seal that would makethe device identifiable, or attract the attention of an inspector oruser in the event of a seal breach during production or storage, or inuse.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates to a seal for a switchable film. Theswitchable film may be included in a switchable device, such as anoptical filter or a switchable, laminated glass.

In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a seal for a switchablelaminated glass, comprising: a first seal contacting an edge of a layerof switching material; the switching material laminated between a firstand a second substrate and in contact with first and second electrodesdistributed on the first, the second or the first and the secondsubstrates.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a seal for aswitchable laminated glass comprising: a first seal, adhereable to aconductive metal oxide electrode and compatible with a switchingmaterial of the switchable laminated glass.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided an encapsulatedswitchable film comprising: a first substrate and a second substrate; afirst electrode and a second electrode disposed upon the first, thesecond or the first and the second substrate; a layer of switchingmaterial disposed between the first and the second substrates; anelectrical connector for electrically connecting the first and thesecond electrodes to a power source; and a first seal contacting an edgeof the layer of switching material.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a sealed filmcomprising a first and second substrate, a first and second electrodedisposed on the surface of at least one of the substrates, a switchingmaterial disposed between the first and second substrates, and a firstseal and a second seal; the first seal disposed along an edge of theswitching material, separating the switching material from the secondseal.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a system forsealing a switchable film comprising a bead of a first seal along anexposed edge of a switching material, and a second seal encapsulatingthe first seal.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method forsealing a switchable film comprising: a) providing a switchable filmcomprising a first and a second substrate with a first and secondelectrode disposed on the surface of at least one of the substrates, anda switching material disposed between the first and second substrates;b) disposing a first seal in contact with an electrode and adjacent tothe switching material; c) disposing a second seal adjacent to the firstseal.

The method may further comprise a step b1) affixing a transparent linerto the first and second substrates.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided an encapsulatedswitchable film comprising: a) a layer of switching material between apair of parallel substrates; a first seal surrounding the layer ofswitching material; b) first and second encapsulating layers affixed toa second surface of the substrate; and c) a second seal disposed betweenthe first and second encapsulating layers, and separated from theswitching material by the first seal.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method forencapsulating a switchable film comprising: a) providing a switchablefilm comprising a first and a second substrate with a first and secondelectrode disposed on the surface of at least one of the substrates, anda switching material disposed between the first and second substrates;b) disposing a first seal in contact with an electrode and adjacent tothe switching material; c) affixing a transparent layer to the first andsecond substrates; and d) disposing a second seal adjacent to the firstseal, the second seal separated from the switching material by the firstseal.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method forencapsulating a switchable film comprising: a) providing a switchablefilm comprising a first and a second substrate with a first and secondelectrode disposed on the surface of at least one of the substrates, anda switching material disposed between the first and second substrates;b) affixing a transparent layer to the first and second substrates; andc) disposing a first seal in a space defined at least in part by an edgeof the switching material and the transparent layers affixed to thefirst and second substrates.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a laminated glasscomprising: a) a first substrate and a second substrate; b) a firstelectrode and a second electrode disposed upon the first, the second orthe first and the second substrate; c) a layer of switching materialdisposed between the first and the second substrates; d) an electricalconnector for electrically connecting the first and the secondelectrodes to a power source; and e) a first seal contacting an edge ofthe layer of switching material.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method of cuttinga switchable film, comprising the steps of providing a switchable film,directing laser radiation at the film to cut a weed portion comprising aportion of a first substrate, but not a second substrate of theswitchable film, leaving the conductive layer of the second substrateintact.

In some aspects, the switching material is in contact with the first andthe second electrodes.

In some aspects, the first seal encapsulates an electrical connector.

In some aspects, the first substrate is offset along at least twoadjacent edges relative to the second substrate. The offset edgesprovide for a busbar mounting platform. In some aspects, the firstsubstrate may be offset along a substantive portion of the periphery,relative to the second substrate. In some aspects, one or moreoverhanging tabs may extend from a first substrate, beyond a peripheryof a second substrate, to provide a busbar mounting platform.

In some aspects, the first and second electrodes comprise a conductivemetal oxide.

In some aspects, the first seal contacts the conductive metal oxide.

In some aspects, the first seal is adherent to the conductive metaloxide.

In some aspects, the laminated glass further comprises a second seal,encapsulating the first seal and electrical connectors.

In some aspects, the first seal, second seal, or first seal and secondseal is selected from a group comprising silicones, natural rubbers,synthetic rubbers or elastomeric materials.

In some aspects, the first seal is installed in a gap between the edgeof the switching material and the electrical connector.

In some aspects, the first seal is non-reactive with the switchingmaterial.

In some aspects, the first seal is gas-impermeable.

In some aspects, the first seal is water-impermeable.

In some aspects, the first seal and/or second seal is electricallyinsulating.

In some aspects, the first seal has low amount of electricalconductivity

In some aspects, the first seal is non-absorbing, or substantiallynon-absorbing of a solvent or plasticizer component of the layer ofswitching material.

In some aspects, the first seal comprises a polymer matrix comprisingthermoplastic, thermosetting, or thermoplastic and thermosettingpolymers.

In some aspects, the first seal is a thermoset material.

In some aspects, the first seal does not release water when curing.

In some aspects, the first, the second or the first and the secondsubstrates each have a thickness of from about 1.0 to about 5 mm.

In some aspects, the second seal is non-reactive with the first seal.

The present disclosure also relates to a seal system for a switchablefilm. The seal system may further comprise a detection system fordetecting a compromised seal component.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a seal system for aswitchable film, the seal system comprising a first seal and a secondseal, the first seal disposed along an edge of a switching material,separating the switching material from the second seal; the first seal,second seal, or first seal and second seal comprising an indicatormaterial.

In some aspects, the seal system further comprises a trigger material.

In some aspects, the switching material comprises an indicator materialor a trigger material, or both an indicator material and a triggermaterial.

In some aspects, the first seal comprises an indicator material and atrigger material.

In some aspects, the second seal comprises an indicator material and atrigger material.

In some aspects, the indicator material, trigger material or indicatormaterial and trigger material may be encapsulated with an encapsulatingmaterial. The indicator material, trigger material or indicator materialand trigger material may be encapsulated in layers.

This summary does not necessarily describe the entire scope of allaspects. Other aspects, features and advantages will become apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the followingdescription of specific embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features will become more apparent from the followingdescription in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a switchable film with opposing,offset edges, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a section view along line A-A of the switchable film ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the cut edges, busbar and electricalconnectors for a film with offset edges, according to anotherembodiment.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of cut edges, bus bars and electricalconnectors for a film with offset edges according to another embodiment.

FIGS. 5A, B show schematic diagrams of a switchable film with offsetedges cut to a shape, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows a sectional diagram of the cut edges, busbar and electricalconnectors for an encapsulated film with offset edges according toanother embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows a sectional diagram of the cut edges, busbar and electricalconnectors for an encapsulated film with offset edges, according toanother embodiment.

FIG. 8 shows a sectional diagram of a portion of a switchable filmcomprising an active layer and first and second seal materials,according to another embodiment.

FIG. 9 shows a sectional diagram of a portion of a switchable filmcomprising an active layer and indicator layers, according to anotherembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the description that follows, a number of terms are used extensively,the following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding ofvarious aspects of the invention. Use of examples in the specification,including examples of terms, is for illustrative purposes only and isnot intended to limit the scope and meaning of the embodiments of theinvention herein.

This disclosure provides, in part, a sealed film comprising a first anda second substrate, a first and a second electrode disposed on thesurface of at least one of the substrates; a switching material disposedbetween the first and second substrates and in contact with the firstand second electrodes; and a first seal and a second seal, the firstseal disposed along an edge of the switching material, separating theswitching material from the second seal.

This disclosure further provides, in part, a system for sealing aswitchable film comprising a first seal along an exposed edge of aswitching material, and a second seal encapsulating the first seal.

The disclosure provides, in part, a seal for a switchable laminatedglass comprising a first seal, adherent to a conductive metal oxideelectrode and compatible with a switching material of the switchablelaminated glass.

A seal, or a seal system, may be useful for an apparatus comprising aswitching material which may be sensitive to oxygen, water orenvironmental contaminants. A seal may separate sections of switchingmaterials in the same film or device. A seal may provide a border orbarrier between cells or units of switching material, permitting theirindependent operation and switching. A switching material may be layeredbetween first and second substrates, an edge seal may be provided alongall, or substantially all edges. A portion of one or both substrates maybe removed before installation of the seal. In some embodiments,sections of seal may subsequently be removed to allow for application ofelectrical connectors, or to facilitate installation of other componentsor refine the shape of the switching material. A seal may be useful tocontain the switching material, or prevent egress of the switchingmaterial or component of the switching material from the device. A sealmay be useful to isolate the switching material from an externalenvironment.

When making a through-cut on a switchable film (comprising first andsecond substrates, transparent conductive layers, switching material andoptionally other layers or components) with a mechanical cutter(scissors, knife or the like), the pressure applied to initiate the cutmay compress a portion of the switchable film, distorting or displacinga layer of switchable film and enabling contact between the transparentconductive layers on the interior sides of the substrates. For somefilms, the layer of switching material is thin, and the transparentconductive layers brittle when cut—microscopic shards of conductivematerial created or released with use of a mechanical cutter may spanacross the cut edge of the switching material, enabling contact acrossthe edge of the switching material. This contact, whether fromcompression of the switching material, spanning of the switchingmaterial by conductive shards, or other undesired contact may allow forelectrical flow (when electricity is applied) bypassing the switchablefilm (creating an electrical short in the film) and the film may notswitch uniformly, or at all. Use of a laser cutter avoids theapplication of force to the film when cutting, and reduces thepressure-contact of the transparent conductive layers. In someembodiments, cutting the first and second substrates to form offsetedges, and removing a portion of the switching material provide aplatform for mounting busbars separated from the cut edge of theswitching material and directly on the transparent conductive layer onthe interior side. The busbar may be positioned on the uncut substrateto provide a gap to receive a seal material along the cut edge of theswitching material, thereby sealing the switching material, andphysically separating the busbar from the switching material. Formingthe busbar mounting platforms from the film itself allows for themanufacture of a switchable apparatus to be performed separately frompreparation of the switchable film. The switchable film may bemanufactured using roll to roll or other continuous or semi-continuouscoating method. The final shape of the switchable device does not haveto be considered when preparing the switchable film in bulk, as it canbe cut to shape as needed, as described herein. This feature may beparticularly useful when the switchable apparatus necessitates use of anon-regular shaped film, for example custom-sized glazings for buildingsor vehicles, or custom shaped lenses or lens inserts for opthalmicdevices.

A supporting liner that may absorb or deflect the laser is notrequired—in some embodiments, the switchable material itself may besuitably absorbing of the laser to allow laser cutting of a firstsubstrate and transparent conductive layer, but prevent through-cuttingof the laser to the second substrate and transparent conductive layer,the conductive layers may be only a few angstroms thick, to facilitatethe desired transparency.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, an apparatus according to another embodimentis shown generally at 58. Film 58 includes a layer of switching material52 between first substrate 54 and second substrate 56 is electricallyconnected to electrical connectors 42, 44 via busbars 58 a and 58 bapplied to a conductive coating (not shown) on substrates 54, 56; theconductive coating is in contact with switching material 52. A portionof substrates 54, 56 has been removed to expose the conductive coatingwhere the busbars may be applied. First seal 64 is applied in a space 62between busbar and switching material, adjacent to the cut edge of theswitching material. First seal 64 may be in contact with switchingmaterial 52. First substrate 54 and second substrate 56 are offset alongopposing sides 60 a and 60 b—this provides for access to the conductivesurfaces to apply busbars and electrical connectors. For thisembodiment—a generally rectangular-cut film—two sides have aligned edges57 a, 57 b.

A seal may be applied along one or more edges of the switching material.A seal may be applied to a perimeter of the switchable layer before orafter cutting to a desired size or shape. A seal may be applied bydispersing a bead, or applying a strip or die-cut section, of a sealingmaterial along the periphery of the switching material. Other methods ofdispersing or applying a sealing material such as extrusion, injection,spraying may also be used. The seal may isolate the switching materialfrom other components of the laminated glass or optical filter, or fromthe ambient environment (e.g. air and/or moisture). The die-cut sectionmay be a straight or curved strip, or a continuous shape (polygon,rounded, oval or irregular) to provide a continuous bound to the edge ofthe switching material.

Referring to FIG. 3, an apparatus according to another embodiment isshown generally at 87. First substrate 54 is offset along one edge 90relative to second substrate 56; second substrate 56 of film 87 is insetalong three edges 91, 92, 93, relative to first substrate 54. Offsettingof some or all edges of the substrate and conductive layer surroundingthe switching material in a film, or a portion of the edges, and removalof the switching material along the cut edges provides a busbar mountingplatform. This offset area may prevent inadvertent electrical contactbetween the conductive coatings of the first and second substrates whichmay short out the device, and may provide a larger surface area for thefirst, second or first and second sealing material to adhere to. Withoutan offset cut to form a busbar mounting platform, adhesion of a sealingmaterial may be substantively dependent on the through-cut edge of thefilm—a substantially reduced surface area.

FIG. 4 shows an apparatus according to another embodiment. Film 89 hassecond substrate 56 inset along three edges, relative to substrate 54,with busbar 58 a positioned on an offset edge adjacent to that of busbar58 b. Electrical connections 42, 44 lead to power source and/or controlapparatus from the same corner of film 89. Electrical connections 42, 44may be further embedded in an electrically insulating material (e.g. aseal) to prevent their inadvertent contact with a conductive coating ofan opposing substrate. A first seal may be placed along the cut edge ofthe switching material, along the offset.

Other film shapes are contemplated, including curved, polygon or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the shape of the film may becut to resemble or match the shape of the switchable glazing or lens.For example, a triangular switchable glazing may comprise a triangularfilm, with two adjacent edges having opposing offsets, with busbars andpositioned along the opposing offsets and electrical connectors leadingfrom a common corner of the triangular film.

In some embodiments, a film may be cut to a shape suitable for use in anopthalmic device. Referring to FIG. 5A, an apparatus according toanother embodiment is shown generally at 100. Film 100 is cut to ageneral shape suitable for use as, or with, a goggle lens or similaropthalmic device. The lens 100 has an arc-shaped upper edge 106 and alower edge with a cutout section 108 of height X for accommodating auser's nose, between lobed sections to cover the eyes of a user. Thelens 100 may have a nose bridge section 109 of height Y, with an overalldepth of the switchable area (from an upper edge to a bottom edge of thelens, inside the circumferential offset edges) of X+Y. The lens may beof unitary construction. Film 100 comprises a layer of switchingmaterial (not shown) is disposed between first substrate 102 and secondsubstrate 104. First and second substrates have interior sides facingeach other, and exterior sides facing away. The interior side of one orboth substrates has a transparent conductive layer in contact with thelayer of switching material. First substrate 102 is cut to have asmaller perimeter relative to substrate 104, providing a recessedsection along a portion of the perimeter. An overhanging tab 110provides a platform for mounting a busbar 112 on the interior side ofsubstrate 102, in contact with the transparent conductive layer.Substrate 104 has a recessed section corresponding overhanging tab 110.Busbar 114 is mounted on the interior side of substrate 104, along aportion of an edge of substrate 104, and in contact with a conductivetransparent layer on the interior side of substrate 104. Gap 116separates the cut sections of substrates 102 and 104, providingnon-overlapping mounting points for busbars 112, 114. Electricalconnectors (not shown) may be mounted to busbars 112, 114 to connect thelens to a source of power to facilitate electrochromic switching of thelens. The offset edges of lens 100 may be sealed using a first, or afirst and a second sealing material.

Lens 100 may be shaped to a cylindrical, spherical or frusto-conicalconfiguration, and affixed to a frame using attachment points along aportion of the edge (not shown) or in a frame surrounding the peripheryof the lens. Lens 100 may be thermoformed to conform to a spherical, orpartially spherical lens shape. Lens 100, once shaped, may be laminatedto a static plastic or glass opthalmic device using heat (meltlamination), or a heat or pressure activated adhesive, or combinationthereof. In some embodiments, substrates 102, 104 may be rigid, orpartially flexible plastic that may be formed into a suitablecylindrical, frusto-conical, spherical or partially spherical lensshape, and used in an opthalmic device without a second static glass orplastic lens.

Decreasing the depth of the nose bridge may generally increase the depthof the cutout section, making the first and second lobes of the lensmore pronounced. By altering the height of the nose bridge and cutoffrelative to each other (shifting the ratio X:Y), a lens with more orless flexibility about the nose bridge, a flatter profile, or moreprominent profile may be formed.

The ratio of X:Y may be from about 1:10 to about 10:1 or any ratiotherebetween, and may be selected according to the desired profile andshape of the lens. For example Y may be any percentage of the depth ofthe lens X+Y; Y may be from about 5% of X+Y to about 95% of X+Y, or anyamount therebetween, for example about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 or 90%, or any amount or rangetherebetween.

For example, a lens for a ski goggle may have an X:Y ratio of from about1:5 to about 1:1, whereas a unitary lens for sunglasses may have asmaller nose bridge, with an X:Y ratio of about 1:1 to about 5:1. It isappreciated however, that any suitable X:Y ratio may be used for skigoggles, sunglasses or any other type of unitary lens, withoutlimitation.

To electrochemically switch a lens according to some embodiments, anelectrical potential is applied to the electrodes of the film 100 viabusbars 112, 114, and the switching material switches. The relationshipbetween the height of the nose bridge Y, and the area of the lens may,in part, impact the speed of the switch of the lens. Without wishing tobe bound by theory, resistivity of the electrode may increase as thenose bridge decreases (Y is reduced and X increased). In someembodiments, a second pair of busbars 120, 122 may be included (FIG.5B), with the electrical potential being applied to both pairs ofbusbars simultaneously. For large area lenses or lenses with a smallernose bridge (e.g. where X:Y is from about 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, or thelike), inclusion of first and second pairs of busbars may allow for afaster switch.

The disclosure further provides, in part, a method for sealing aswitchable film, comprising providing a switchable film comprising afirst and a second substrate with a first and second electrode disposedon the surface of at least one of the substrates, and a switchingmaterial disposed between the first and second substrates and in contactwith the first and second electrodes; disposing a first seal in contactwith an electrode and adjacent to the switching material; and disposinga second seal adjacent to the first seal.

The disclosure further provides, in part, a method of cutting aswitchable film, comprising the steps of providing a switchable film,directing laser radiation at the film to sever a weed portion comprisinga portion of a first substrate, but not a second substrate of theswitchable film, leaving the conductive layer of the second substrateintact.

To provide the offset edges, the film comprising a switchable layer maybe kiss-cut with a laser. The laser is configured to cut only throughthe upper most substrate and conductive coating, without cutting throughor damaging the conductive coating of the lower substrate—the switchingmaterial separates the two substrates. The penetrative power of thelaser when cutting through the upper substrate may be absorbed ordissipated to below a threshold level, and may be further absorbed ordissipated by the layer of switching material. The penetrative power ofthe laser may be a product of the laser power (wattage), the type orsource of the laser, whether the laser is a continuous or a pulsed beam,duration of the pulses, and the rate at which the laser is moved acrossthe surface to be cut. In some embodiments, the laser may be a CO₂laser; in some embodiments, the laser power may be from about 0.1 toabout 5 W or any amount or range therebetween, or from about 0.5 toabout 2 W, or any amount or range therebetween; in some embodiments, thelaser may be pulsed at an interval of from 500 to about 2000 pulses perinch (PPI) or any amount or range therebetween, or from about 1200 toabout 1800 PPI or any amount or range therebetween or from about 1400 toabout 1600 PPI or any amount or range therebetween; in some embodimentsthe laser radiation may have a frequency of from about 9 to about 11microns or any amount or range therebetween. Laser cutting may beperformed under a nitrogen blanket. Pulsing the laser allows applicationof a substantially consistent amount of energy along a cutline; ifinsufficient energy is applied to make the cut, the weed portion may notseparate cleanly and shorting may result. Guidance of the laser may bemanual, or may be computer controlled, automated or semi-automated (e.g.CNC automation).

Kiss-cutting of the film with a laser may be advantageous over cuttingwith a knife or die—as the active layer of a switchable film may be verythin, any slivers or shards of conductive coating left along the edgeafter removal of the weed portion of the upper substrate and conductivecoating may contact the lower conductive coating and cause an electricalshort in the apparatus, and the active layer may fail to switch, or mayswitch unevenly or slowly.

The film may be cut in stages. In a first stage, the overall size andshape of the switchable area is defined, and an area of film slightlylarger overall cut with flush edges (no offset). To cut a film as shownin FIG. 3, a first kiss-cut on substrate 54 is made, to provide edge 90.Additional kiss-cuts on substrate 56 may be made to provide edges 91,92, 93. The cuts on substrate 56 may be continuous or separate, anddepending on equipment configuration, the film may be turned over aftethe first kiss-cut, or a laser cutting head positioned underneath thefilm may be used. After the film is cut, weed portions are removed, andany switching material remaining on the uncut substrate is removed. Theone or more cuts may be straight or curved. Where the substrate is aspun, cast, extruded or woven web, cuts may be at any angle relative tothe direction of the web, including parallel, perpendicular or any angletherebetween Electrical connectors 58 a, 58 b may be placed on theconductive coating, for connection of the film to a power source; in theembodiment shown, electrical connectors 42, 44 are also provided.

Thus, the disclosure further provides, in part, a switchable film wherethe first and the second substrates are in an offset relationship alongat least one edge, or along at least two edges. The at least two offsetedges may be on different substrates, or on the same substrates. Wherethe at least two offset edges are on the same substrate, they may beadjacent (share a common corner or vertex).

A portion of a first seal is applied adjacent to the switching materialalong cut edges 90, 91, 92, 93—the first seal contacts the cut edge ofthe switching material and the conductive coating of the uncutsubstrate. Contact with the uncut surface may aid in maintaining theposition of the first seal, to ensure a suitable seal for the switchingmaterial.

In some embodiments, support and separation of the substrates and theirrespective conductive coatings is provided by the switching materialitself—a spacer, or the like, is not required to keep the conductivecoatings from contacting and shorting. As the switching material may becast or extruded as one or more layers on a first substrate, followed byapplication of the second substrate on top, there is no chamber definedin advance by the substrates and an edge configuration, which may besubsequently filled. Instead, the switching material may be set, cooledor cured to a suitable strength to maintain the separation of theconductive coatings and prevent shorting of the device, even followinglamination with heat and pressure. Spacers, beads or other physicaldevices to maintain separation of the substrates and conductive coatingare not needed. Additionally, the film may be produced in advance ofknowing the final shape or configuration of the device in which it willbe used, and until needed. Suitable shapes—flat or curved (e.g. lensesfor helmets, visors, windows of any desired shape)—may later be cut fromthe film as needed.

The disclosure further provides, in part, an encapsulated switchablefilm comprising a layer of switching material between a pair of parallelsubstrates, and a first and a second conductive coating or layer (firstand second electrode) disposed on a first surface of one or bothsubstrates; a first seal surrounding the layer of switching material;first and second transparent layers affixed to a second surface of thesubstrate; a second seal disposed between the first and secondtransparent layers, and separated from the switching material by thefirst seal. In some embodiments, the switching material may be incontact with both the first and the second electrode.

The disclosure further provides, in part, a switchable film comprising:a layer of switching material between a pair of parallel substrates, theswitching material in contact with a first and a second electrodedisposed on a first surface of a substrate; a first seal surrounding thelayer of switching material; first and second transparent layers affixedto a second surface of the substrate; a second seal disposed between thefirst and second transparent layers, and separated from the switchingmaterial by the first seal; with the proviso that no spacer is needed toprevent contact of the electrodes. The switchable film may be describedas a “spacerless” switchable film.

The disclosure further provides, in part, a method for encapsulating aswitchable film comprising: providing a switchable film; comprising afirst and a second substrate with a first and second electrode disposedon the surface of at least one of the substrates, and a switchingmaterial disposed between the first and second substrates and in contactwith the first and second electrodes; disposing a first seal in contactwith an electrode and adjacent to the switching material; affixing atransparent layer to the first and second substrates; and disposing asecond seal adjacent to the first seal, the second seal separated fromthe switching material by the first seal.

Referring to FIG. 6 an apparatus of an embodiment is shown generally at50. A layer of switching material 52 between first 54 and second 56substrates is electrically connected to electrical connectors 42, 44 viabusbars 58 a, 58 b in contact with a conductive coating (not shown) onsubstrates 54, 56; the conductive coating is in contact with theswitching material 52. A portion of substrates 54, 56 has been removedto expose the conductive coating where the busbars may be applied. Thefirst seal 64 is applied in a space 62 between the busbar and switchingmaterial, adjacent to the cut edge of the switching material. First sealmay be in contact with the switching material. A second seal 78 may bedisposed in a space defined in part by the first and second transparentlayers 66, 68 and first seal 64, encapsulating the first seal, busbarand electrical connector. The second seal is not contacted by theswitching material; this is prevented by the first seal. Transparentlayers 66, 68 may be affixed to substrates 54, 56 by an adhesive 70. Theadhesive 70 may be a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive or a sheetmaterial. The adhesive 70 may be pre-cut (die cut, laser cut or othersuitable cutting method) to a suitable shape for the switchable film andoffset edges, before incorporation into the apparatus. The second sealmay be a separate application of the same material as the first seal, ormay be a different seal.

The disclosure further provides, in part, a method for encapsulating aswitchable film comprising: providing a switchable film; comprising afirst and a second substrate with a first and second electrode disposedon the surface of at least one of the substrates, and a switchingmaterial disposed between the first and second substrates and in contactwith the first and second electrodes; affixing a transparent layer tothe first and second substrates; and disposing a first seal in a spacedefined at least in part by a kiss-cut edge of the switchable film andthe transparent layers affixed to the first and second substrates.

Referring to FIG. 7, an apparatus according to another embodiment isshown generally at 80. A seal 82 is applied in a space defined in partby the first and second transparent layers 66, 68, and an edge of theswitching material 52, filling the space 62 and encapsulating thebusbars 58 a, 58 b and electrical connectors 42, 44. In this embodiment,there is no first seal preventing contact of the switching material bythe seal 82.

In another embodiment, the second seal may comprise a component thatinteracts with a component in a switching material, creating adetectable change that identifies a deficiency in the first seal—a leak,gap or the like. Where the first seal is intact and prevents contact ofthe switching material by the second seal, the second seal cures toisolate the switching material from the external environment. The firstseal may absorb a portion of the switching material, but prevent contactof one or more components of the active layer and second seal longenough for the second seal to complete curing or hardening. Where thereis a deficiency in the first seal, the uncured or partially cured secondseal may contact the switching material. When this occurs, an observablealteration such as a color change may result. This observable alterationmay be due to an indicator in the switching material, the second seal orboth. Detection of a faulty seal early in the manufacture process mayallow for defective films or devices to be identified and ifappropriate, removed from the production process, to reduce the numberof defective devices in the final product lot. In other embodiments, theindicator of the cured second seal may be activated if the first seal isbreached—for example, if the switchable film, or a device comprising theswitchable film is twisted or physically damaged. A change in color orother visible indicator draws attention to the damaged device.

In another embodiment, the seal system may comprise one or moreindicators for indicating a deficiency in the first seal, the secondseal, or both the first seal and the second seal. A breach or otherdeficiency in a seal may result in a product comprising a material thatis less durable, or potentially adversely affected by the externalenvironment. Examples of such materials include switchable materials,active layers, suspended particle layers, liquid crystal, photovoltaicmaterials or the like. In some of the embodiments that follow, aswitchable material or active layer is exemplified, however any othermaterial adversely affected by a breach in the seal—by ingress of a sealsystem component or environment interaction (e.g. water, air, oxygen,etc), or by egress of a component of the material (e.g. loss, disruptionor inactivation of a component of the material) may benefit from a sealsystem and/or an indicator system as described herein.

Referring to FIG. 8, a schematic diagram of a switchable film with firstand second seals is shown generally at 130. Active layer 131 is disposedbetween substrates 132. Substrate 132 may include a conductive layer(not shown). In one embodiment, active layer 131 comprises an indicatormaterial and second seal 134 comprises a trigger material. In anotherembodiment, active layer 131 comprises a trigger material and secondseal 134 comprises an indicator material. Where first seal 136 fails,interaction of the indicator material and trigger material may bepermitted, and a detectable change occurs.

In another embodiment, first seal 136 comprises an indicator material,and a trigger material is a component of the external environment. Wherethe second seal 134 fails, interaction of the indicator material andtrigger material is permitted, and a detectable change occurs.

Referring to FIG. 9, a schematic diagram of a switchable film with firstand second seals is shown generally at 140. Active layer 131 is disposedbetween substrates 132 and layer 138. Substrate 132 may include aconductive layer (not shown). In one embodiment, active layer 131comprises an indicator material and substrate 132 comprises a triggermaterial. In another embodiment, active layer 131 comprises a triggermaterial, and substrate 132 comprises an indicator. Active layer 131 andsubstrate 132 are separated by layer 138—where the integrity of layer138 fails or otherwise allows contact of substrate 132 with active layer131, interaction of the indicator material and trigger material ispermitted, and a detectable change occurs.

In another embodiment, substrate 132 comprises an indicator material anda trigger material is a component of the external environment. Wheresubstrate 132 fails, or otherwise allows contact of layer 138 with theexternal environment, interaction of the indicator material and triggermaterial is permitted and a detectable change occurs.

For clarity, the embodiments of FIGS. 8 and 9 are shown as separatediagrams; it is contemplated that a switchable film or switchable devicemay incorporate both the seal configuration like that of FIG. 8, and thelayer configuration like that of FIG. 9. In an embodiment comprisingboth, active layer 131 may comprise an indicator, and substrate 132 andsecond seal 134 each comprise a trigger material; the trigger materialmay be the same or different. In another embodiment, active layer 131may comprise a trigger, ad substrate 132 and second seal 134 eachcomprise an indicator material; the indicator material may be the sameor different. In another embodiment, the first seal 136 and layer 138may each comprise an indicator material, the indicator material may bethe same or different, and the trigger may be a component of theexternal environment.

An indicator material or a trigger material may be mixed in, coated on,or dispersed through a seal, substrate, layer or active layer. Theindicator material or trigger material may be soluble in the seal,substrate, layer or active layer; the indicator material or triggermaterial may be encapsulated. In one embodiment, the indicator materialis encapsulated and the trigger material disrupts the encapsulatingmaterial to release the indicator. Reaction of the indicator materialwith a component of the seal, substrate, layer or active layer mayeffect a detectable change. In some embodiments, the seal, substrate,layer or active layer may comprise a second trigger material to interactwith the indicator material to effect the detectable change.

A detectable change may be a colour change. An example of an indicatormaterial may be a dye molecule or dye molecule precursor. A dye moleculemay undergo a permanent or temporary change from a first colored stateto a second colored state. A dye molecule precursor may interact with atrigger material and be cleaved, or undergo a chemical reaction(reversible or irreversible) with the trigger material, and change froma first colored state to a second colored state. A first colored stateand a second colored state may each independently be any color, or maybe fluorescent, or may be colourless or substantially colourless.

In some embodiments, the detectable change may be a change in solubilityof an indicator material, where contact of the indicator material andtrigger material induces precipitation of the indicator material,changing the optical clarity, or light transmittance of the indicatormaterial, or device component (e.g. substrate, layer, seal or activelayer) comprising the indicator material.

In another embodiment, the indicator material and trigger material maybe encapsulated in layered microcapsules, where the material used forencapsulation maintains the indicator and trigger in separatecompartments. The material for encapsulation may be solubilized orotherwise disrupted by a component of the active layer e.g. a solvent orplasticizer. The encapsulated indicator and trigger materials may beincorporated into the second seal material—when the first seal iscompromised, the indicator and trigger are released by interaction withthe component of the active layer and a detectable change may beobserved. Such an embodiment may be advantageous in that no additionalmaterials are added to the active layer, minimizing the complexity ofthe active layer formulation.

Where the active layer is switchable between light and dark states witha reduction or oxidation event, inclusion of a redox indicator, or anoxidant or reductant as an indicator material in a first or a secondseal material may be useful. In another embodiment, the redox indicatoror oxidant or reductant may be incorporated into the second sealmaterial—when the first seal is compromised, the indicator undergoesoxidation or reduction and a detectable change may be observed. Theindicator material may be encapsulated, and the material used forencapsulation may be solubilized or otherwise disrupted by a componentof the active layer. The indicator material, trigger material, or bothindicator and trigger material may be dispersed in one or more carrierfluids, as a dispersion, suspension or emulsion, or dissolved in acarrier fluid. Where the indicator and/or trigger material isencapsulated, the carrier fluid may be compatible (non-disruptive) ofthe encapsulating material.

Examples of dyes or dye precursors include redox indicators, halochromicindicators, inorganic oxidants or reductants. Examples of inorganicoxidants or reductants include potassium permanganate and potassiumdichromate. Redox indicators may be pH dependent, or pH independent.Examples of redox indicators are set out in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Redox indicators Indicator E⁰, V at E⁰, V at E⁰, V pH = 0 ph = 7(pH independent) 2,2′-bipyridine (Ru complex) +1.33 VNitrophenanthroline (Fe complex) +1.25 V N-Phenylanthranilic acid +1.08V 1,10-Phenanthroline iron(II) sulfate complex +1.06 VN-Ethoxychrysoidine +1.00 V 2,2′-Bipyridine (Fe complex) +0.97 V5,6-Dimethylphenanthroline (Fe complex) +0.97 V o-Dianisidine +0.85 VSodium diphenylamine sulfonate +0.84 V Diphenylbenzidine +0.76 VDiphenylamine +0.76 V Viologen −0.43 V (pH dependent) Sodium2,6-dibromophenol-indophenol +0.64 V +0.22.V Sodium o-Cresol indophenol+0.62 V +0.19 V Thionine +0.56 V +0.06 V Methylene blue +0.53 V +0.01 VIndigotetrasulfonic acid +0.37 V −0.05 V Indigotrisulfonic acid +0.33 V−0.08 V Indigo carmine +0.29 V −0.13 V Indigomono sulfonic acid +0.26 V−0.16 V Phenosafranin +0.28 V −0.25 V Safranin T +0.24 V −0.29 V Neutralred +0.24 V −0.33 V

Examples of halochromic indicators include leuco dyes; some examples ofhalochromic indicators may include gentian violet (methyl violet 10b)(transition pH range 0.0-2.0), malachite green (first transition pH0.0-2.0), malachite green (second transition pH 11.6-14), thymol blue(first transition pH1.2-2.8), thymol blue (second transition pH8.0-9.6), methyl yellow (pH 2.9-4.0), bromophenol blue (pH 3.0-4.6),congo red (pH 3.0-5.0), methyl orange (pH 3.1-4.4), screened methylorange (first transition pH 0.0-3.2), screened methyl orange (secondtransition pH 3.2-4.2), bromocresol green (pH 3.8-5.4), methyl red (pH4.4-6.2), azolitmin (pH 4.5-8.3), bromocresol purple (pH 5.2-6.8),bromothymol blue (pH 6.0-7.6), phenol red (pH 6.4-8.0), neutral red (pH6.8-8.0), naphtholphthalein (pH 7.3-8.7), cresol red (pH 7.2-8.8),cresolphthalein (pH 8.2-9.8), phenolphthalein (pH 8.3-10.0),thymolphthalein (pH 9.3-10.5), alizarine yellow R (pH10.2-12.0).

Examples of trigger materials include those that may effect a pH changein a local environment (e.g. acids or bases); a pH change may trigger acolor change in a halochromic indicator. Examples of trigger materialsinclude propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid,caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid,stearic acid, cyclohexanoic acid, phenylacetic acid, benzoic acid,toluic acid, chlorobenzoic acid, bromobenzoic acid, nitrobenzoic acid,phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, salicylic acid,hydroxybenzoic acid and aminobenzoic acid, or the like.

Examples of materials that may be used to encapsulate indicatormaterials or trigger materials include Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-StyreneCopolymer, Acrylonitrile-Methyl acrylate copolymer,acylonitrile-styrene-acrylate copolymer, amorphous nylon,arabinogalacatan, beeswax, carboxymethylcellulose, carnauba, cellulose,cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose nitrate, cyclic olefin copolymer,epoxy resin, ethylcellulose, ethylene, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylenecopolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, fluorinatedethylene-propylene copolymer, stearyl alcohol, gelatin, glycerylstearate, glycol modified polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate,gum arabic, hexafluoropropylene, hydroxyethylcellulose, ionomer, liquidcrystal polymer, methylcellulose, nylon, polyvinylpyfrrolidone,paraffin, paraffin wax, perfluoroalkoxy resin,poly(lactide-co-glycolide), polyacrylic acid, polyamide, polyamide,polyamide-imide, polyarlysulfone, polyaryletheretherketone,polyaryletherketone, polybutylene, polybutylene terephthalate,polycarbonate, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polycyclohexylenedimethyleneethylene terephthalate, polyester, polyethelyene vinyl acetate,polyetherimide, polyethersuflone, polyethylene, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate polyethylene/polystyrene alloy,polyethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyimide, polymethacrylate,polyolefin plastomers, polyoxymethylene, polyparaxylylene, polyphenylenesulfide, polyphthalamide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulfone,polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurea, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene chloride,shellac, starch, stearic acid, styrene-acrylate, styrene-acrylonitilecopolymer, styrene-butadiene block copolymer, styrene-methacrylate,tetrafluoroethylene, urea-formaldehyde resin, vinylidene fluorideterpolymer, zein, latexes, polyacetal, polyacrylate, polyacrylic,polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyaryletherketonc, polybutadiene,polybutylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polychloroprene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycyclohexylene dimethyleneterephthalate, polycarbonate, polychloroprene, polyhydroxyalkanoate,polyketone, polyester, polyethylene, polyetherimide, polyethersulfone,polyethylenechlorinates, polyimide, polyisoprene, polylactic acid,polymethylpentene, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide,polyphthalamide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl chloride, as well as polymers or copolymers based onacrylonitrile-butadiene, cellulose acetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate,ethylene vinyl alcohol, styrene-butadiene, vinyl acetate-ethylene, andmixtures thereof, or the like.

A trigger material of an external environment may include a materialthat ‘poisons’ the switching action of the active material. Forswitching materials that involve a reduction or oxidation event (e.g.diarylethenes, viologens, phenazines) a material that injects orscavenges electrons may disrupt the reductive or oxidativeswitch—slowing it down or stopping it altogether. For switchingmaterials that involve migration of an ionic species across, or into orout of, a layer, disruption of the movement of the ionic species maydisrupt the switch—slowing it down or stopping it altogether. In otherembodiments, the poison may disrupt polymerization of a switchingmaterial—preventing it from completing, or inducing undesirablepolymerization. In some embodiments, the trigger material from theexternal environment may include ambient air, or a gas, or a componentthereof, e.g. carbon dioxide, oxygen, H₂S, water, or other material inthe environment external to the active layer. Examples of indicatormaterials that undergo a detectable change with exposure to waterinclude cobalt (II) chloride, copper (II) sulfate. In some embodiments,the indicator material may be incorporated in a first seal, when thesecond seal is compromised, water, water vapor or air from the externalenvironment may interact with the indicator material to induce adetectable colour change.

In some embodiments, the indicator material may be responsive to oxygen,and oxygen may be a trigger material. The indicator material may beincluded in the first seal, and if the second seal is compromised,oxygen in the external environment may interact with the indicatormaterial to provide a detectable change. U.S. Pat. No. 8,647,876(incorporated herein by reference) discloses several indicator materialsthat may undergo a colour change, or become chemiluminescent, whenexposed to oxygen.

In some embodiments, a first seal may comprise an indicator material anda trigger material may be encapsulated in a layered microcapsule, andthe encapsulating material may be water soluble. When the second seal iscompromised, water or water vapor from the external environment maydisrupt the encapsulation, allowing interaction of the indicator andtrigger, providing a detectable change. Examples of water solubleencapsulating materials may include gelatin, gum arabic, starch,polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose,methylcellulose, arabinogalacan, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, ora combination thereof, or the like.

In an embodiment, the switching material may include an indicatormaterial; the indicator material may be a diarylethene, and the secondseal may include a trigger material; the second seal may be a two-partepoxy, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,204 (incorporatedby reference herein), and the trigger material may be an epoxy resin anepoxy resin hardener or both an epoxy resin and an epoxy resin hardener.

Lamination: A switchable film may be further laminated with heat andpressure between layers of glass, to provide a switchable, laminatedglazing. The disclosure further provides, in part, a laminated glasscomprising: a switchable film; an electrical connector for electricallyconnecting the first and the second electrodes to a power source; and afirst seal contacting an edge of the layer of switching material. Theswitchable film may be an encapsulated switchable film.

The switchable film may be layered between layers of PVB, and thisbetween first and second layers of glass. For lamination, theglass-PVB-switchable film-PVB-glass sandwich may be passed through apress roll, pressed between plates at an elevated temperature (about 90°C. to about 140° C.—pressure and temperature may be increased anddecreased over several steps), or may be placed in a vacuum bag(rubber), with an initial bonding at a temperature of about 70° C.-110°C., while applying a vacuum to remove air between the layers. A secondbonding step may then be performed at a temperature of about 120°C.-150° C., with pressure (e.g. about 0.95 MPa to about 1.5 MPa in anautoclave). The overall thickness of the laminated glass is dependent,in part on the thickness of the various layers. Laminated glass may haveadvantages for strength, safety, impact resistance, reduction in noiseor the like), and inclusion of a switchable compound providesadditional, advantageous features over conventional laminated glass. Aswitchable film is “laminatable” if it retains the ability to fade anddarken after lamination.

A seal for a switchable film or used in a device comprising a switchablefilm prevents ingress of matter that may affect performance of theswitching material. Where a switching material is self-supporting,support or separation devices such as spacers, beads, dividers or thelike are not needed in the seal. Where the switching material is part ofa film that is to be laminated between rigid substrates (e.g. using heatand pressure such as for a laminated glass), it may be advantageous touse seals that are compressible, to prevent breakage of the glass duringlamination.

Seals may be a thermoplastic, a thermoset, a rubber, a polymer or metal,a metallized tape, or combinations thereof. A seal may be selected toprovide good adhesion to contacted surfaces (substrate, conductivelayer, electrode, switching material, electrical connectors or the like,and to provide sufficient flexibility, barrier properties, mechanicaldurability and adhesion at the operating temperature of the switchablelayer to maintain the isolation of the switching material—for example, aseal may be selected that does not crack or crumble, break down, or loseadhesion as the temperature changes. A seal may not interact with theswitching material, or “poison” or interfere with the photochemistry andelectrochemical performance of the switching material. A seal may beelectrically insulating. A seal may be gas-impermeable. A seal may beresistant to water, or may be water impermeable. A seal may comprise adessicant to scavenge any residual water that may be present. Examplesof dessicants include zeolites, activated alumina, silica gel, calciumsulfate, calcium chloride, calcium bromide and lithium chloride,alkaline earth oxide, potassium carbonate, copper sulfate, zinc chlorideor zinc bromide. A dessicant may be dispersed in a seal, or applied to asurface of a seal.

Thermoset materials include polymers, rubbers and plastics. Examples ofthermoset seals include polymers with reactive groups. Examples ofpolymers may include silicones and siloxanes. Examples of reactivegroups include vinyl groups, hydride groups, silanol groups, alkoxy oralkoxide groups, amine groups, epoxy groups, carbinol (polyester orpolyurethane groups), methacrylate or acrylate groups, mercapto (thiol,polythiol groups), acetoxy, chlorine or dimethylamine groups. Curing orhardening of such materials may be chemical, radiation, temperature ormoisture dependent. Examples of radiation curing may include exposure tolight (UV light or visible light); examples of temperature curing mayinclude resting the material at an elevated temperature; examples ofchemical curing may include a condensation reaction, an additionreaction, vulcanization, or the like. The chemical curing may include acatalyst, or addition of a reactive group to facilitate crosslinking ofa polymer. The chemical cure may further be heated to accelerate thecuring reaction, or may be cooled to retard the curing reaction.

For example, vinyl functional polymers may be employed in an additioncure system (e.g. Pt catalyzed); hydride functional polymers may beemployed in an addition cure system; siloxane functional polymers may beemployed in a condensation cure system (e.g. silicones with one part ortwo part room temperature vulcanization (RTV)), or an acetoxy, enoxy,oxime, alkoxy or amine moisture-cure system.

Thermoplastic materials may include polymers, rubbers and plastics thatmelt or flow at elevated temperatures, and reversibly set to anon-flowing state at a reduced temperature. Examples of thermoplasticmaterials include poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylidene chloride),polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and polyvinylbutyral (PVB), Examples of rubbers include polyisoprene, polyisobutylene(PIB), poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene), block, copolymer and graft polymerof butadiene-styrene, poly(chlorobutadiene),poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile), poly(isobutylene-co-butadiene),acrylate-ethylene containing copolymer rubber,poly(ethylene-co-propylene), poly(ethylene-co-butene),ethylene-propylene-styrene copolymer rubber, polystyrene-co-isoprene),poly(styrene-co-butylene), styrene-ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber,perfluorinated rubber, fluorinated rubber, chloroprene rubber, siliconerubber, ethylene-propylene-nonconjugated diene copolymer rubber, thiolrubber, polysulfide rubber, polyurethane rubber, polyether rubber (suchas polypropylene oxide), epichlorohydrin rubber, polyester elastomer,alpha olefin polymer, and polyamide elastomer.

A seal overlaid with a metal layer or metal foil or tape may be a usefuledge seal system.

Examples of epoxy seal materials include DP100, DP105, DP110, DP125 from3M; 1C, E-30-CL, M-31 CL from Hysol; EP415S-IHT from MasterBond, DeloLP655. Examples of silicone seal materials include Sylgard182, RTV3165,RTV791, RTV9-1363, RTV948 from Dow; or SWS, SCS2000, RTV102, RTV6700 orRTV11 from Momentive, RGS7730, HM2500, CAF520 (Blustar); PV8303, RTV791,RTV730, RTV795 from Dow; SCS2000 from Momentive. Examples ofpolyurethane seal materials include Titebond MP75 HiPURformer, 3MScotch-Weld DP605 NS, Lord 6650, Hysol U09FL, Examples of acrylic sealmaterials include Tremflex 834. 3M 8211, 3M 8172PCL, Surlyn 1601, Surlyn1703. Examples of ethyl vinyl acetate seal material include EVASAFE(Bridgestone), 3M Scotch-Weld 3764, 3M Scotch-Weld 3792. Examples ofolefin polymer (polyolefin) seal materials include 3M Scotch-Weld 3748.Examples of polysulfide seals include THIOKOL. Examples of polyethyleneseal materials include silane-crosslinked polyethylene (Solvay).Examples of isobutylene rubber seal materials include OppanolB15,OppanolB50, OppanolB12, OppanolB10 from BASF, Tremco 440, HL-5140 (HBFuller), Poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) from Scientific Polymer.

Some isobutylene seal materials comprise polyisobutene(polyisobutylene).

Some ethyl vinyl acetate seal materials may comprise ethylene-vinylacetate polymer (55-75$ by weight and hydrocarbon resin (25-45% byweight). Some ethyl vinyl acetate seal materials may compriseethylene-vinyl acetate polymer (50-65% by weight), hydrocarbon resin(25-35% by weight), polyethylene polymer (5-10% by weight), polyolefinwax 91-5% by weight) and an antioxidant (0.5-1.5% by weight).

Some polyolefin polymer seal materials may comprise polypropylene(15-40% by weight), hydrocarbon resin (10-30% by weight),styrene-butadiene polymer (10-30% by weight), ethylene-propylene polymer(5-25% by weight), polyethylene (5-20% by weight) and polyolefin wax(7-13% by weight).

In some embodiments, the seal may swell; swelling may occur duringcuring (for seals that are cured), or may swell after installation byabsorption of a component of the switching material. For someembodiments, this may be advantageous in instilling the sealing materialinto small gaps or separations.

Sealing materials may be tested by immersion of a sample in a solventand observed periodically for swelling, loss of mass, degradation,crumbling or other indicator of interaction with the solvent orcomponents dissolved in the solvent. In some embodiments, some degree ofswelling may be advantageous in a sealing material, in that the sealingmaterial may expand to fill any gaps or spaces after installation.Sealing materials may also be tested by sealing a layer of switchingmaterial between substrates in a device. Devices with a single seal maybe weighed (determine initial mass) and placed in an oven, andperiodically weighed to assess any loss in mass—a loss in mass may beindicative of a sealing material that is not impermeable to the solventor plasticizer or other component of the switching material. Devices maybe further examined for the initial and ability to photochemicallyand/or electrochemically transition the switching material from a darkstate to a faded state, or from a faded state to a dark state. Duringand after switching, the devices may be inspected for visualdefects—uneven switching, development of spots, bubbles or otherdefects, or the like.

Where the plasticizer comprises triglyme, some examples of first sealsmay include: silicones (e.g. Sylgard182, RTV3165, RTV791, RTV9-1363,RTV948 from Dow; or SWS, SCS2000, RTV102 or RTV11 from Momentive), orisobutylene rubbers (e.g. polyisobutylene).

Where the plasticizer comprises 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediolmonoisobutyrate, some examples of first seals may include: silicones(e.g. RGS7730, HM2500, CAF520 (Blustar); PV8303, RTV791, RTV730, RTV795from Dow; SCS2000 from Momentive), some epoxies (e.g. DP110 from 3M),polyisobutylene rubbers (e.g. OppanolB15, OppanolB50, OppanolB12,OppanolB10 from BASF), or polysulfides.

Where the plasticizer comprises dimethyl-2-methyl glutarate, someexamples of first seals may include: silicones (e.g. Sylgard 182, RTV791from Dow; RTV102, RTV106, RTV6700, SCS2000 from Momentive; SCS9000,RTV100); polyisobutylene rubbers (e.g. OppanolB15, OppanolB50,OppanolB12, OppanolB10 from BASF); poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene rubber).

Where the plasticizer comprises diethyl succinate, some examples offirst seals may include: silicones (e.g. Sylgard 182, RTV791 from Dow;RTV102, RTV106, RTV6700, SCS2000 from Momentive), polyisobutylenerubbers (e.g. OppanolB15, OppanolB50, OppanolB12, OppanolB10 from BASF).

Where the plasticizer comprises 2-(2-butyoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate, someexamples of first seals may include: epoxies, silicones (e.g. Sylgard182, RTV791, RTV730 from Dow; SCS2000, RTV6700 from Momentive), orpolyisobutylene rubbers (e.g. OppanolB15 from BASF).

In some embodiments, the first seal may be a temporary barrier,separating the switching material from a second seal. The first seal mayswell or absorb plasticizer or other component from the switchingmaterial (in a sufficiently small amount so as to not detrimentallyaffect the operation of the switching material). For such embodiments,the first seal may also be unreactive with the second seal. The secondseal may be reactive with the switching material in an uncured, but nota cured state. The second seal may be sufficiently fast curing so as tocomplete the curing process before components of the switching materialswell and migrate through the first seal. Selection of such acombination of first and second seal materials may be counter-intuitivebased on initial testing results, but when combined, provide an improvedseal system. Examples of such seal systems may include a PIB first sealmaterial, and an epoxy or EVA second seal material.

In some embodiments, the first seal material may be substantiallynon-reactive with the switching material and the second seal material;the second seal material may be reactive with the switching material(e.g. swelling, softening or the like). The second seal material may, onthe other hand be preferable for resistance to environmental aspects—itmay be particularly durable, or resistant to oxygen or water, forexample. Selection of such a second seal material may becounter-intuitive based on initial testing results, but when combinedwith a suitable first seal material, an improved seal system isrealized.

Active layer (“switchable layer”): an active layer comprises a switchingmaterial. An active layer as referenced herein may include any solid,semi-solid, gel or liquid material that alters light transmittance inresponse to a stimulus. An alteration in light transmittance may be achange in one or more of transparency, opacity, color, haze; thereduction in light transmittance may be selective—the a portion of UV,visible or IR light that is transmitted by the active layer may change,or selective wavelengths be blocked, at least in part. The stimulus mayinclude one or more than one of electricity (an electrochromic activelayer), temperature or temperature change (a thermochromic activelayer), electromagnetic radiation in a range of from about 300 nm toabout 750 nm or any amount or range therebetween (UV or visible light)(a photochromic active layer). Some active layers may be responsive toboth light and electricity (a photochromic-electrochromic active layer).

Some active layers comprise a polymer or polymer matrix and one or morecompounds or compositions that undergo a structural change ororientation in response to the stimulus. For example, a liquid crystalor suspended particle display electrochromic active layer comprisesdiscrete particles suspended in a liquid or semi-solid polymer matrix,and the alignment of the crystals or particles is controlled byapplication of electricity. Other examples of electrochromic activelayers comprise two or more compounds that behave as a redox pair—whenelectricity is applied, one compound is electrochemically oxidized to acoloured state, and the other is electrochemically reduced to a colouredstate. When electricity is removed, the compounds revert to theiruncoloured state. Some photochromic materials, when exposed to UV light,change color—darken or fade. Some photochromic materials may have‘memory’ in that they remain in the UV-exposed state until a secondstimulus is applied; others do not exhibit memory, and will graduallyrevert to their unexposed state.

Some active layers comprise materials that are both photochromic andelectrochromic. When exposed to selected wavelengths of light (e.g. UVlight), the materials darken. When exposed to electricity, the materialsfade. Examples of compounds (chromophores) that may be useful in aphotochromic-electrochromic active layer include some switchablecompounds such as photochromic-electrochromic diarylethenes (see, forexample U.S. Pat. No. 7,777,055, WO2010/142019 and WO2013/044371). Anactive layer comprising one or more of these compounds may betransitionable from a faded state to a dark state with exposure to UVlight, and from a dark state to a faded state with application ofelectricity, or light in the visible range.

Switching material: a switching material may comprise a polymer and aswitchable compound, and optionally, one or more of a plasticizer, dye,UV light stabilizer, antioxidant, supporting electrolyte, surfactant,adhesion promoter or adhesion control agent or the like. The switchingmaterial may comprise part of an active layer. The switching materialmay be a single layer of material (cast or extruded), or maybe two ormore layers, cast or extruded sequentially or simultaneously one on topof the other. Generally, the switching material is substantiallyoptically clear, or with minimal (e.g. less than 3%) haze. The switchingmaterial may comprise adhesive properties. A switching material may bedescribed as “laminatable” if it retains the ability to fade and darkenafter lamination (e.g. after elevated temperature and/or pressures usedduring a glass lamination process). Haze may be measured using methodsknown in the art, for example use of an XL-211 Hazemeter fromBYK-Gardner.

Components of the switching material may further provide, in part, oneor more than one secondary functions. For example, any of a switchablecompound, polymer, plasticizer, supporting electrolyte, charge carrieror the like may provide a secondary function as one or more than one ofa plasticizer (solvent), polymer, supporting electrolyte, or the like.In another embodiment, where a polymer comprises a switching compound,the polymer may provide multiple functionalities, including acombination of polymer and switchable compound, and in some embodiments,a charge carrier function, a plasticizer function and/or a supportingelectrolyte function. Inclusion of different switchable compounds and/ordifferent polymer backbone moieties may alter the function of thepolymer.

Examples of solvents (which may function as plasticizers in theswitching material) include dimethyl adipate, diethyl adipate,2-(2-butyoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate, triglyme, diethyl succinate,2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, dimethyl-2-methylglutarate, butylene carbonate, dibutyl itaconate, tetraethylene glycoldi-heptanoate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, triethyleneglycol di-2-ethyl butyrate, triethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate, benzyloctyl adipate, di-n-hexyl adipate, triethylene glycol, combinationsthereof, or the like.

Examples of supporting electrolytes include tetrabutylammoniumtetrafluoroborate (TBABF₄), tetrabutylammoniumbis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide (TBATFSI).

Examples of polymers include ethylene copolymers (e.g. ethylene-vinylacetate,), apolyurethane, a polyalcohol, an ionomer, PVDF, or the like.Examples of polyalcohols include ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer,polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetals (e.g. polyvinyl butyral—PVB),poly(ethylene oxide), or the like. Examples of ionomers includepoly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid, PV5300 (DuPont) or the like. In someembodiments the switching material may comprise a mixture of polymers.Other polymers having a suitable glass transition temperature may alsobe used. Where ranges, values and/or methods are described withreference to PVB, such ranges, values and/or methods may also apply,where applicable, to other polymers or polymer blends disclosed hereinas useful components of switching materials. A polymer may becrosslinked. A crosslinking agent may comprise two or more reactivegroups; reactive groups may independently be, for example, aldehyde,epoxide, isocyanate, silane or the like. Examples of aldehydecrosslinkers include terephthalaldehyde and the like. Examples ofepoxides include diglycidyl ethers of polypropylene glycol (e.g. DER736,DER732, both from Dow Chemical), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE),1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidylether, and the like. Examples of isocyanate crosslinking agents includehexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), dimers, trimmers, or multimers ofHMDI (e.g. DESMODUR™ N100, N3300A, N3600 from Bayer) and the like.

The one or more supporting electrolytes may be absent, or present in anamount of from about 0.1% to about 20% (by weight) or any amount orrange therebetween, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19%. The one or more plasticizers (solvents)may be absent, or may be present in a switching material in an amountranging from about 5 wt % to about 90 wt % or any amount or rangetherebetween. The one or more switchable compounds may be present in aswitching material in an amount (% weight) of from about 0.05% to about80%, or any amount or range therebetween, for example about 5, 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 or 75%. The polymer may bepresent in an amount of from about 10 wt % to about 95 wt %, or anyamount or range therebetween, for example 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80or 90 wt %.

Substrates: The one or more transparent, or substantially transparent,substrates may be glass—float glass, tempered glass, toughened, orchemically-strengthened glass, an organic glass or the like. Thesubstrate may be flexible (e.g. plastic film, glass film, or glassmicrosheet). An organic glass is an amorphous, solid glasslike materialmade of transparent plastic. Organic glass may provide advantages suchas toughness, reduced weight, improved thermal insulation, ease ofcolour modification (incorporation of colorants in the plastic whenmolding) or the like. Examples of organic glasses or plastics includepolycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyesters (polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), modified PET), acrylics (polymethyl methacrylate)or modified acrylics (e.g. imidized, rubber toughened, stretched or thelike), polyester carbonate, allyl diglycol carbonate, polyether imide,polyether sulfone (polysulfone, PSU), cellulose acetate, cellulosebutyrate, cellulose propionate, polymethyl pentene, polyolefins, nylon,polyphenylsulfone, polyarylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polysulfone,polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, styrene acrylonitrile, ethylene vinylacetates, or the like. Where the one or more glass is an organic glass,one or more of the components of the switching material may be selectedto be immiscible, or insoluble, with one or more of the components ofthe organic glass, to prevent diffusion into the glass. For example, asolvent or plasticizer used in some embodiments described herein may beimmiscible, or insoluble, with a plasticizer used in an organic glass.Combinations of organic glass and switching material materials with oneor more immiscible components may be selected in this way. In someembodiments, a layer of plastic (e.g. PET film) may be included betweenthe organic glass and the switching material, to prevent diffusion ofplasticizers or other components into the organic glass. Substrates mayindependently be of any suitable thickness. Substrates may independentlybe coated with, or comprise anti-scratch layers, security films, heat orinfrared reflecting or absorbing materials, or UV reflecting orabsorbing materials or the like. Glass layers may independently betinted; examples of tinted glass include grey, bronze or green glass, ormay comprise coatings or additives to block some wavelengths of light(e.g. portions of UV, VIS, IR incident light or the like).

Glass layers may be tinted. Color and depth of coloration of tintedglass may be selected to achieve certain levels of light transmission(visible, UV or IR), or to harmonize with the site of installation e.g.exterior automotive paint, building envelope, or to harmonize with othercomponents of a laminated glass. Glass color may be described withreference to colour values L*a* and b*, and/or light transmittance(LT_(A)). As examples, U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,805 describes a neutral lowtransmittance glass and U.S. Pat. No. 7,932,198 describes examples ofgrey glass.

In some embodiments, a substrate may be clear, or may be grey, with anLT_(A) of about 25-35% or any amount or range therebetween. A secondsubstrate may be clear, or may be colored (e.g. grey), with an LT_(A) ofabout 75-85% or any amount or range therebetween. A substrate may beglass or plastic (an “organic glass”). A substrate may be flexible orrigid. A substrate may be coloured to harmonize with the exterior paintof the vehicle or building where the laminated glass is installed, or tomask the inherent color of one or more layers in the laminated glass(e.g. the active layer, the static filter or the incident light filter,for embodiments where one or more of these layers has a colour that doesnot harmonize with the surrounding surface or paint). Alternately, asubstrate may be substantially clear to allow as much light as possiblereach the active layer.

Where the glass is an organic glass, it may be advantageous to include alayer of plastic (e.g. PET film) between the organic glass and anadhesive layer or sound insulating layer comprising PVB, to preventdiffusion of plasticizers or other components of the adhesive layer intothe organic glass.

The substrate may be of uniform or varying thickness, and of anysuitable dimension. For example, the substrate may have a thickness fromabout 0.01 mm to about 10 mm, or any amount or range therebetween, forexample 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 mm, or fromabout 0.012 mm to about 10 mm, or from about 0.5 mm to 10 mm, or fromabout 1 mm to 5 mm, or from about 0.024 mm to about 0.6 mm, or fromabout 0.051 mm (2 mil) to about 0.178 mm (7 mil). In some embodiments,the thickness and/or material of a first substrate differs from thethickness and/or material of a second substrate.

Conductive coatings may be transparent. A conductive coating may includea transparent conducting oxide (TCO) such as indium tin oxide (ITO),fluorine tin oxide (FTO) or the like, metal or metal oxide coatings(e.g. silver, gold or the like), transparent conducting polymers, orother substantially transparent conductive coatings. Examples oftransparent substrates with conductive coatings include ITO-coatedglass, or FTO-coated glass (e.g. TEC glass from Pilkington). Forembodiments comprising co-planar electrodes, the electrode pattern (e.g.interdigitated electrodes such as that illustrated in FIG. 3 c) may beetched into a conductive coating on the substrate, or printed on asubstrate. In some embodiments, a substrate with a conductive layer maybe ITO-coated glass, or ITO-coated PET. A conductive coating may be anelectrode of a switchable film.

Some methods of manufacture of conductive coatings may necessitate useof selected substrates that tolerate the coating methods. For example,FTO coatings may be less expensive, and thus an attractive substrate andconductive coating, but require a substrate that tolerates the hightemperatures (>400° C.) used in some coating methods. Glass may besuitable for this application, however some plastics or films may not.Having a switchable switching material that may be laminated betweenFTO-coated substrate may provide a less expensive laminated glass.

In some embodiments, both first and second electrodes may be disposed onone substrate. First and second coplanar electrodes may be etched intothe conductive coating or printed on the surface of the substrate in asuitable pattern e.g., a discontinuous conductive coating providingfirst and second electrodes on the same substrate. In such embodiments,a second substrate may lack a conductive coating, and first and secondbusbars and electrical connectors may be disposed on the first andsecond electrodes of the first substrate. in such embodiments, thesecond substrate (lacking a conductive coating) may be a plastic orglass, or a film or release liner. PCI publication WO2012/079159describes coplanar electrode configurations that may be useful in someembodiments.

Making a Switchable Film:

In some embodiments, components of the switching material may becombined in subcombinations (‘parts’), with the parts combined at alater step. Preparation of a switching material in one or more parts maybe advantageous to solubilize one or more components of a switchingmaterial, prevent side reactions, or to prevent initiation ofcrosslinking (‘curing’) before the formulation is complete or ready forcasting or coating. In some embodiments, a switching material may beprepared according to the following steps: providing a first partcomprising a polymer, a switching compound, a salt and a first portionof a solvent; providing a second part comprising one or morecrosslinking reagents and a second portion of the solvent; providing anaccelerant and an optional co-solvent; combining the first part and thesecond part; and combining the third part with the combined first andsecond parts.

The switching material may be coatable. A coatable switching material isone that is of suitable viscosity to be applied to a substrate in asuitable thickness and substantially uniform manner. Viscosity of aswitching material may be altered by increasing or decreasing thequantity of sacrificial solvent, altering the polymer (differentquantity and/or molecular mass), increasing or decreasing temperature ofthe switching material, inclusion of a rheology modifier or the like. Insome embodiments, the switching material does not include a sacrificialsolvent, and viscosity is manipulated by heating the switching materialand/or using a heated die for coating. Partial curing of the switchingmaterial in advance of, or during the process of coating, may alsoincrease the viscosity of the switching material applied to a movingweb, or extruded or injected into a mold or extruded or applied onto asubstrate. Curing may be slowed or stopped by decreasing temperature,and/or diluting the partially cured material with a co-solvent.Increasing temperature and/or removal of the co-solvent may subsequentlyallow curing to proceed to completion.

A switching material, or one or more parts thereof may be treated toremove dissolved gas (oxygen, air, or the like), and/or treated toremove water, or prepared in an environment with reduced oxygen and/orreduced humidity. In some embodiments, one or more of the steps ofmaking a switchable formulation, coating a substrate, and/or curing thefilm may be performed in an inert atmosphere (e.g. nitrogen, with lessthan 100 ppm oxygen, less than 100 ppm water, or both); a reducedhumidity atmosphere (e.g. about 5-15% relative humidity), or in an openatmosphere. In some embodiments, a method of making a coatableformulation, coating of substrates and/or curing of a switching materialmay be performed in a reduced humidity and/or reduced oxygenenvironment, for example less than 100 ppm relative humidity, and/orless than 100 ppm oxygen.

A switching material may be coated at a suitable thickness onto aconductive coating of a substrate using a slot die, knife coater,roll-to-roll coating method, extrusion, dipping, spraying, spin coating,gravure coating method, hand-drawing or the like. A suitable coatingthickness may be selected such that the switching material is of thedesired thickness once the co-solvent is evaporated (if a co-solvent ispresent), or the final layer is of the desired thickness followingcooling and/or crosslinking of the coated switching material. Forexample, to obtain a final thickness of about 50 microns, a switchingmaterial with co-solvent may be applied to the substrate in a layer ofabout 100 to about 120 microns. A second layer of substrate is laminatedon top of the coated switching material (conductive side in contact withthe switching material) to form a sandwich structure. The ‘sandwich’ maybe cured, or allowed to continue to cure (if curing is initiated duringthe coating or laminating process) and if desired, cut to a suitablesize. Busbars or other electrical contacts may be added if desired.

A second substrate may be applied on top of the disposed switchingmaterial; the second substrate may comprise a conductive layer,positioned so as to be in contact with the switching material. Theresulting film may be cut to a desired size or shape. Electricalcontacts (e.g. busbars, wires or the like) may be added, to facilitateapplication of a voltage to the switching material.

The switching material may be cured or crosslinked before, or afterapplication of the second substrate. The step of curing may compriseheating the switching material to a temperature suitable forcrosslinking (e.g. about 20° C. to about 90° C., or any amount or rangetherebetween. The step of disposing may be preceded by a step offiltration of the switching material.

In other methods, a switching material, or one or more components of athe switching material, may be formed into pellets, chips or flakes andmixed with other components (e.g. in a screw mixer) and extruded througha die to form one or more layers or films. The mixer, die and/orextruder may be heated. Alternately, the extruded material may itself bepelletized, for subsequent blending with other materials and extruded ina second extruder to produce a switchable film, or molded to produce aswitchable article. One or more additional components may be imbibed orsoaked into the cast layer. If the switching material is to becrosslinked, this may be done before or after removal of sacrificialsolvent (if used). The switching material may be configured to includespaced projections defining a surface irregularity (a “roughtexture”)—if such a switching material is laminated with heat andpressure between rigid substrates, the surface irregularity mayfacilitate removal of air from during the lamination process, and/or tofacilitate handling of the unlaminated switching material.

In some embodiments, two or more layers of switching material may beco-extruded, or a first layer (e.g. comprising the switchable compoundas a monomer, or as part of a switchable polymer) may be applied(coated) onto the second layer. A release liner may be used for supportin handling, and/or separation of layers when rolled for storage andhandling. Following application, the first layer, or a component thereofmay remain as a discrete layer, or may diffuse into the second layer tocreate a gradient, or may be imbibed into the second layer to provide asubstantially uniform distribution, or a gradient distribution, ofswitchable compound within the second layer. Where a gradient is formed,the gradient may comprise a region of higher concentration along onesurface of the second layer, and a region of lower concentrationextending through the plane of the second layer. In other embodiments,the gradient may be established so as to extend along the plane of thesecond layer. In other embodiments comprising a composite switchingmaterial, a first layer may be applied to a first substrate, and asecond layer applied to a second substrate (e.g. disposed on aconductive coating on the surface), and the substrates arranged to placethe first and second layers adjacent, and the substrate-switchingmaterial-substrate sandwich laminated. The first layer may be applied tothe second layer, or to a substrate by any of several methods, forexample electrodeposition, vapor deposition, chemical deposition,chemical plating, brushing, spraying, extruding, slot-die coating,dipping or the like, or a combination thereof. If a co-solvent is used,it may be removed by evaporation. Where it is desired to vary the coloror color density of the switching material, the switching compound maybe applied using printing methods that deposit droplets of varying sizeand/or spacing—for example, smaller, and/or more widely spaced dotsyield regions of lesser switching material, while larger, and/or moreclosely spaced dots yield regions of greater switching material.

A layer of switchable compound may be imbibed into a surface of thepolymer, or may be applied as a layer of liquid and dried to a solid orsemi-solid, or may be a solid or semi-solid of any suitable thickness; asuitable thickness may be selected dependent on the concentration of theswitchable compound and the desired deposition amount. In someembodiments, the layer of switchable compound is of uniform, orsubstantially uniform, thickness. In some embodiments, the layer ofswitchable compound is of non-uniform thickness. The switchable compoundmay be in a crystallized form, or may be amorphous, or a combinationthereof.

Busbars, Controls and applied potentials: Busbars may be applied to aportion of the conductive layer or electrodes so that a voltagedifferential is created across the layer (s) comprising the switchablematerial to effect the switch. The busbars may be of any suitablematerial to provide a low-profile conductive area suitable forattachment of an electrical connector thereto. Examples of suitablematerials include conductive adhesive, conductive ink, conductive epoxy,conductive tape, metal mesh or film or the like, comprising at least onetype of conducting material for example a metal, such as aluminum, gold,silver, copper or the like. The conductive material may be applied tothe conductive surface by any of several methods known in the art,including printing, painting, screenprinting (‘silkscreening’),stenciling (stencil printing) or the like. Electrical connectors orleads may be of any suitable material and may be affixed to the bulbarby any suitable methods, including adhesion (conductive adhesive orconductive epoxy), soldering, clips, rivets or the like. Suitablematerial for electrical connectors may include conductive tape, wire,copper tape, copper-clad polyimide film (e.g. Kapton) or the like. Theelectrical connector may be doubled-sided.

A control circuit can be used to switch the electrical voltage on oroff, based on input from an automated or semi-automated device (e.g. anirradiance meter, thermometer), a building or vehicle environmentalcontrol system, a user or some other input, and can also be used tomodulate the voltage to a predetermined level. A power source mayinclude an AC line voltage in a house or other building, a DC powersource (e.g. a battery of a vehicle, or in a separate battery or powerpack), an energy harvesting power source (e.g. solar panel) or the like.The control circuit may comprise one or more switches (transistor,relay, or electromechanical switch) for opening and closing a circuitbetween the voltage regulators and conductive layers of a substrate, anAC-DC and/or a DC-DC converter for converting the voltage from the powersource to an appropriate voltage; the control circuit may comprise aDC-DC regulator for regulation of the voltage. The control circuit canalso comprise a timer and/or other circuitry elements for applyingelectric voltage for a fixed period of time following the receipt ofinput.

Embodiments include switches that can be activated manually orautomatically in response to predetermined conditions, or with a timer.For example, control electronics may process information such as time ofday, ambient light levels detected using a light sensor, user input,stored user preferences, occupancy levels detected using a motionsensor, or the like, or a combination thereof, the control electronicsconfigured to activate switches for applying voltage in response toprocessed information in accordance with predetermined rules orconditions. In one embodiment, the power control electronics comprises auser-activated switch. A user-activated switch may be a ‘normally-open’,or ‘normally-closed’ switch, for example a push-button switch. A switchmay be configured to remain closed for a predetermined amount of timefollowing actuation, thereby facilitating application of voltage forsufficient time to effect a state transition. Where the multilayercomposition according to various embodiments is part of an automotiveglazing (window or sunroof, or the like), the glazing may be installedin the vehicle and electrically connected to the vehicle's electricalsystem, through wiring in the frame, dash or roof, or connected to railsor guide tracks as may be used for some automotive roof applications.

In one embodiment, the control electronics comprises a user-activatedswitch that passes the DC voltage from the power source substantiallydirectly to a conductive layer on a substrate. The user activated switchcan be a normally-open push button, or another type of switch. A switchmay be configured to remain closed for a predetermined amount of timefollowing actuation, thereby facilitating application of voltage forsufficient time to effect a state transition.

The voltage to be applied for transitioning the switching material maybe from about 0.1 V to about 20 V, or any amount or range therebetween.In some embodiments, the amount of voltage applied is from about 0.1 Vto about 5V, or from about 1V to about 10 V, or from about 1.0 V toabout 2.2 V, or from about 0.5V to about 3V, or from about 1.2V to about2.5 V, or from about 1.8 V to about 2.1 V, or any amount or rangetherebetween. In some embodiments, the voltage applied is less thanabout 12 V, or less than about 6 V, or less than about 3 V or less thanabout 2.5 V, or about 2 V.

The polarity of the voltage applied to a switching material may beswitched or alternated over a plurality of cycles to transition theassembly from a dark state to a faded state. Such polarity switching maydecrease the fading time. A voltage of a first polarity may be appliedacross the optical filter for a first interval; followed by applying avoltage of a second, opposite polarity across optical filter for asecond interval. The cycle of first and second intervals may be repeateduntil the optical filter is transitioned to a faded state. The first andsecond polarity may be of equivalent but opposite magnitude. The firstand second intervals may be of equivalent magnitudes. The first andsecond intervals may be from about 0.5 seconds to about 60 seconds, orany amount therebetween.

Control circuits and systems that may be used with an apparatuscomprising a switching material, or layered compositions according tovarious embodiments are described in, for example, PCT publicationWO2010/142019.

Other layers that may be incorporated into a laminated glass mayinclude:

IR-blocking: One or more layers may comprise an infra-red (IR)-blockingcomponent. A solar control film may be included in the multi-layercomposition or laminated glass. Alternately IR blocking materials may beincorporated into a layer of glass, or an adhesive layer. An IR blockinglayer may reflect or absorb IR light. Reflection of IR may reduce thesolar heat gain of the interior space, whereas absorption of IR mayincrease the temperature of the laminated glass, which may beadvantageous in increasing the switching speed of the switchingmaterial. In some embodiments, one or IR blocking compounds or materialsmay be incorporated into the switching material.

UV-blocking: One or more layers may comprise a UV blocking component.

Adhesive layers such as PVB may have additives that block UV; sometransparent layers, or some substrates may be made of a material thathas been treated with a UV blocking material (e.g. UV-blocking PET), orhave a UV blocking layer applied thereto. It may be cost effective toincorporate into an optical filter or device comprising an switchingmaterial according to various embodiments, a substrate that blocksUV—this may be advantageous in reducing the amount, or controlling thewavelength, of UV light incident on the switching material, whilepreserving the ability to switch. In some embodiments, one or more UVblocking compounds or materials may be incorporated into the switchingmaterial. Examples of UV blocking compounds may include benzotriazolecompounds (e.g. Tinuvin 328, Tinuvin 326, Tinuvin 234 (Ciba-Geigy)),benzophenone compounds, malonic ester compounds (e.g. Hostavin PR-25Hostavin B-CAP (Clariant)), triazine compounds, (e.g. Tinuvin 400,Tinuvin 405, Tinuvin 460, Tinuvin 1577 (Ciba-Geigy); LA-46 (Adeka)),oxanilide compounds (e.g. Sanduvor VSU (Clariant)), titanium dioxide, orthe like. Other compounds that may inhibit photodegradation may includehindered amine light stabilizers (HALS; e.g. LA-63P (Adeka), Tinuvin 144(Ciba-Geigy)).

Sound insulation: Sound insulation may be provided by an acoustic layer.Acoustic PVB may be known by trade names such as SAFLEX™ or VANCEVA™.U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,826 describes composition comprising two or morelayers of resins of differing polyvinyl acetals; the acoustic layer maybe in the range of 0.2 to 1.6 mm. Some acoustic PVB may comprise anacrylic polymer layer and polyester film layer. Acoustic layerscomprising PVC, modified PVC, polyurethane or the like may also be used.

Self-cleaning coating: a self-cleaning coating may be applied to anoutboard surface of the laminated glass. Several examples of suchcoatings, and methods of applying them are known—examples includehydrophilic coatings based on TiO₂ (e.g. Pilkington ACTIV™) andhydrophobic coatings (e.g. AQUACLEAN™ or BIOCLEAN™)

Security coating: A security coating may be applied to the laminatedglass to prevent release of glass particles from laminated glass failure(breakage). Examples of such materials include PVB/PET composites orhard-coated PET films (e.g. SPALLSHIELD™ (DuPont).

Anti-scratch: an abrasion-resistant coating may be applied to thelaminated glass to prevent distortion or surface damage, and preserveoptical clarity; anti-scratch coatings may be particularly beneficialfor use with organic glass.

In some embodiments, inclusion of an IR blocking layer, a UV blockinglayer, or both an IR blocking layer and a UV blocking layer in alaminated glass comprising an switching material according to variousembodiments may improve durability of the switching material. Withoutwishing to be bound by theory, a UV blocking layer positioned between alight source and the switching material may limit the energy, and/oroverall quantity of UV light reaching the switchable switching materialto effect the switch (e.g. it may act as a cutoff filter), and an IRblocking layer positioned between a light source and the switchingmaterial may reduce the heat gain of the switching material. Maintaininga lower temperature and/or reducing or blocking higher energy UV lightincident on the switching material may prolong the life of the switchingmaterial and thus the laminated glass.

Coatings or treatments applied to the inboard or outboard surfaces oflaminated glass are generally optically clear. Other examples ofcoatings or treatments may include anti-glare or anti-reflectivecoatings.

The term “mil” as used herein, refers to the unit of length for 1/1000of an inch (0.001). One (1) mil is about 25 microns; such dimensions maybe used to describe the thickness of layer, according to someembodiments of the invention. One of skill in the art is able tointerconvert a dimension in ‘mil’ to microns, and vice versa.

“About” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as anamount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompassvariations of ±20% or ±10%, more preferably ±5%, even more preferably±1%, and still more preferably ±0.1% from the specified value, as suchvariations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods

Laminated glass may be assessed with reference to light stability,humidity, temperature impact tests or the like (e.g. ANSI Z26.1; ECE R43or other standards). A laminated glass may further comprise one or moreadditional layers that may be passive (not switchable). A passive layermay provide a chemical, atmospheric or moisture barrier, or may providefor scratch resistance. A passive layer may comprise UV or IR blockingagents. A passive layer may form part of a seal.

In some embodiments, the laminated glass may be integrated into aninsulating glass unit (IGU). An IGU comprises two or more glass panes,often with an insulating layer between, and held in a frame, or heldtogether as a unit. Spacers may maintain the separation between theglass layers, and the insulating layer between may be gas (e.g. argon,nitrogen, air or the like). A seal or gasket around the perimeter of thepanes within the frame holds the panes in place, and mitigates ingressor egress of gas from the IGU space. The seal may further include adessicant to absorb any moisture that may be present. An IGU comprisinga switchable laminated glass may be assembled in a manner similar toconventional IGU, with the addition of electrical connectors to providepower to the switching material; the electrical connectors may extendthrough the seal and/or frame. The insulating capabilities of an IGU maylead to higher temperature exposure of the switching material, and toreduce or mitigate solar heat gain, one or more layers of glass in theIGU may comprise an IR blocking material.

The following non-limiting examples provide illustrations of someembodiments.

Methods

Seal and switching material compatibility testing: A 100-300 mg sampleof a sealing material, record initial mass and immerse in a plasticizeror solvent used with a switching material or switching material for 48hours at 90° C. Remove the sample, remove surface liquid (with akimwipe) and record mass, and inspect for change in size, texture orcondition. Crumbling or dissolution may indicate a sealing material isincompatible with the plasticizer or solvent; a mass increase of 10% orless may indicate that a sealing material is compatible with theplasticizer or solvent.

Making a switchable film: a layer of switching material of about 0.5 toabout 2.5 mil thickness is disposed between first and second substrates,each substrate comprising a transparent conductive coating (e.g. MelinexST504, DuPont-Teijin Films—5 mil PET film with 50-100 ohm/square ITOcoating). Kiss-cutting and encapsulating of a switchable film: Aswitchable film is cut to a desired size, and offset edges kiss-cutusing a GCC Spirit GLS laser cutter (30W Synrad CO₂ laser), under anitrogen blanket. Laser power was set to 4%, with 1500 pulses per inch.Weed portions are removed and the surface exposed by removal of the weedportion cleaned gently with isopropanol Silver ink (Fujikura KaseiDotite 301) bus bars may be screenprinted onto the first and secondconductive surfaces, or silver epoxy may be applied onto the first andsecond conductive surfaces. Kapton leads (copper-clad polyimide, DuPontPyralux AC352500R) may be applied to the busbars. A first seal isapplied along the cut edge of the switching material, and thefirst-scaled film is sandwiched between layers of transparent PET film(external PET layers), held by an adhesive layer (3M 8211). A secondseal material is applied adjacent the first seal and between theexternal PET layers.

Example 1

Devices with a range of switching materials (Table 2) were constructed,and the seal integrity compared. PIB as a first seal materialdemonstrated some swelling when exposed to the switching material,likely absorbing some of the solvent phase from the crosslinked film.While the rate of absorption was slow, it was indicative that PIB alonemay not provide a suitable seal material for longer term, unless it werepaired with a second seal material.

TABLE 2 Switching materials. Quantities provided in wt %. Component 68.1a 8.2 8.4j Chromophore 10 15 15 15 ZnOctoate 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01N3600 0.2 0.21 HMDI 0.37 3.75 TBA-TFSI 1 1 1 TBABF4 2 PVB-8 7 3 5 PVB-510 10 PVB-4 3 PVB-6 10 BC 7 6.7 RI 63.6 68.8 Texanol 80.79 DES 60.5Abbreviations: “Texanol”, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediolmonoisobutyrate; “RI”, dimethyl-2-methyl glutarate; “BC” butylenecarbonate; “DES”, diethyl succinate. PVB resins employed in theswitching materials demonstrated a range of MW, PVOH and PVA contents.PVB-4 (MW 95-105k, PVOH content 18-21%, PVA content 0-4%); PVB-5 (MW50-60k, PVOH content 12-16%, PVA content 1-4%); PVB-6 (MW 250-350k, PVOHcontent 12-16%, PVA content 6-10%): PVB-8 (MW 170-250k, PVOH content17.5-20%, PVA content 0-2.5%).

TABLE 3 switching material and seal combinations Switching Indicator/Switching material Second trigger material # Solvent First seal sealInteraction 6 TX PIB (Tremco 440) Epoxy Y (E-30CL) 8.1a RI/BC PIB(Tremco 440, Epoxy Y Oppanol B1, B15) (E-30CL) EVA (3M 3764) 8.2 DES/BCPIB (Tremco 440, Epoxy Y Oppanol B10, B15) (E-30CL) EVA (3M 3764) 8.4jRI PIB (Oppanol B10, Epoxy Y B15) (E-30CL)

For test switching materials sealed with a single seal material,bleed-in of some seal materials (e.g. epoxy) occurs before the seal iscured. PIB did not exhibit any bleed-in, however it has absorbed solventand exhibits flow at elevated temperature (e.g. when laminating thefilm). A PIB first seal, and an epoxy second seal combined thecharacteristics of each to provide a flexible, durable seal that did notfail with handling and lamination. The PIB was a temporary seal,preventing the switching material from contacting the epoxy whilecuring. Once cured, the epoxy constrains the PIB so it does not flowduring elevated temperatures.

Example 2

Films comprising a switching material, sealed with a PIB first seal, andan epoxy second seal as set out in Table 3 were tested forindicator/trigger interaction (signifying a compromised first seal). Theindicator in the active layer was a diarylethene chromophore, and thetrigger the epoxy material. Sealed films were subjected to mechanicalstress, or were assembled with an incomplete first seal (first seal waslaid down without covering the complete circumference of the switchingmaterial), and observed during and after epoxy cure. Films that weremanipulated (bent or flexed during cure), or with an incomplete sealdemonstrated a blue stain at the region of the breached first seal. Theepoxy is a two part curable thermosetting epoxy resin comprising anepoxy resin, and an epoxy resin hardener.

Other Embodiments

It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this specificationcan be implemented or combined with respect to any other embodiment,method, composition or aspect, and vice versa. Figures are not drawn toscale unless otherwise indicated.

The present invention has been described with regard to one or moreembodiments. However, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the artthat a number of variations and modifications can be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.Therefore, although various embodiments of the invention are disclosedherein, many adaptations and modifications may be made within the scopeof the invention in accordance with the common general knowledge ofthose skilled in this art. Such modifications include the substitutionof known equivalents for any aspect of the invention in order to achievethe same result in substantially the same way. Numeric ranges areinclusive of the numbers defining the range. In the specification, theword “comprising” is used as an open-ended term, substantiallyequivalent to the phrase “including, but not limited to,” and the word“comprises” has a corresponding meaning. As used herein, the singularforms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. Citation of references herein shall not beconstrued as an admission that such references are prior art to thepresent invention, nor as any admission as to the contents or date ofthe references. All publications are incorporated herein by reference asif each individual publication was specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference herein and as though fully setforth herein. The invention includes all embodiments and variationssubstantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to theexamples and drawings.

1. A sealed film comprising: a first and a second substrate; a first anda second electrode disposed on the surface of at least one of thesubstrates; a switching material disposed between the first and secondsubstrates; a first seal and a second seal; the first seal disposedalong an edge of the switching material, separating the switchingmaterial from the second seal.
 2. The sealed film according to claim 1wherein the switching material is in contact with the first and secondelectrodes.
 3. The sealed film according to claim 1 wherein the firstand the second substrates are in an offset relationship.
 4. The sealedfilm according to claim 2 wherein the first seal is disposed upon anoffset area along the edge of the switching material.
 5. The sealed filmaccording to claim 1 wherein the first seal separates the switchingmaterial from the second seal.
 6. The sealed film according to claim 1wherein the first substrate is offset along at least two adjacent edgesrelative to the second substrate.
 7. The sealed film according to claim1 wherein the first and second electrodes comprise a transparentconductive metal oxide.
 8. The sealed film according to claim 1 whereinthe first seal contacts the first electrode, the second electrode, orthe first electrode and the second electrode.
 9. (canceled)
 10. Thesealed film according to claim 1 further comprising a first pair ofelectrical connectors.
 11. The sealed film according to claim 10 furthercomprising a second pair of electrical connectors.
 12. The sealed filmaccording to claim 10 or claim 11 wherein the electrical connectors areencapsulated with the second seal.
 13. The sealed film according toclaim 1 wherein the first seal, the second seal, or the first and secondseal, independently comprise an elastomeric material, the elastomericmaterial preferably being silicone rubber, natural rubber or syntheticrubber.
 14. (canceled)
 15. The sealed film according to claim 1 whereinthe first seal, the second seal or the first and the second sealindependently comprise a thermoplastic polymer, a thermoset polymer, ora thermoplastic polymer and a thermoset polymer.
 16. The sealed filmaccording to claim 1 wherein the first seal is non-reactive with theswitching material.
 17. The sealed film according to claim 1 wherein thefirst seal is non-absorbing, or substantially non-absorbing of theswitching material, or a component of the switching material.
 18. Thesealed film according to claim 1 wherein the first seal, the secondseal, or the first seal and the second seal, is gas-impermeable orwater-impermeable.
 19. (canceled)
 20. The sealed film according to claim1 wherein the first seal, the second seal, or the first seal and thesecond seal, is electrically insulating.
 21. (canceled)
 22. (canceled)23. The sealed film according to claim 1 wherein the film is alens-shaped film, comprising a cutout section and a nose bridge section.24. (canceled)
 25. (canceled)
 26. (canceled)
 27. A method for sealing aswitchable film comprising: a. providing a switchable film comprising afirst and a second substrate with a first and a second electrodedisposed on the surface of at least one of the substrates, and aswitching material disposed between the first and second substrates; b.disposing a first seal in contact with an electrode and adjacent to theswitching material; and c. disposing a second seal adjacent to the firstseal.
 28. (canceled)
 29. (canceled)
 30. (canceled)
 31. A laminated glasscomprising: a first substrate and a second substrate; a first electrodeand a second electrode disposed upon the first substrate, the secondsubstrate, or the first substrate and the second substrate; a layer ofswitching material disposed between the first and the second substratesand in contact with the first and the second electrodes; an electricalconnector for electrically connecting the first and the secondelectrodes to a power source; and a first seal contacting an edge of thelayer of switching material.
 32. (canceled)
 33. A method of cutting aswitchable film, comprising the steps of: a. providing a switchablefilm; and b. directing laser radiation at the film to cut a weed portioncomprising a portion of a first substrate, but not a second substrate ofthe switchable film; leaving the conductive layer of the secondsubstrate intact.